Palabras clave
gestión de residuos sólidos municipales
contaminación de acuíferos
sitios de disposición final
impacto ambiental
lixiviado
Cómo citar
Resumen
El acelerado crecimiento demográfico y los cambios en los hábitos de consumo de la población han incrementado la cantidad de desechos municipales que son recolectados y depositados en sitios de disposición final sin ningún tipo de tratamiento o selección de la fracción sólida. Como resultado de esta inadecuada gestión de residuos se favorece la generación de emisiones nocivas al ambiente, entre las que se encuentran los lixiviados, los cuales son líquidos tóxicos resultantes de la liberación de humedad proveniente de la descomposición de la fracción orgánica de los desechos y la percolación del agua de las precipitaciones pluviales a través de ellos que disuelven y arrastran contaminantes. Aunque la composición de los lixiviados depende de diferentes factores, en general se caracterizan por contener materia orgánica disuelta, metales pesados, macrocomponentes inorgánicos y compuestos orgánicos xenobióticos. Estos lixiviados han sido identificados como fuentes potenciales de contaminación de aguas subterráneas, ya que pueden infiltrarse a través del suelo y subsuelo causando la contaminación de extensas áreas del acuífero subyacente.
En este trabajo, se presenta una revisión de los contaminantes presentes en la composición de los lixiviados generados por desechos municipales, ejemplificando la contaminación del agua subterránea considerando la situación de la ciudad de Mérida, Yucatán, México, como caso de estudio. Se realiza una revisión de los procesos de migración y atenuación de los contaminantes en el acuífero, finalizando con propuestas y recomendaciones para la realización de análisis de riesgo por fuga de lixiviado de sitios de disposición de residuos sólidos municipales.
Citas
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